The inspiration-granting effect of Tortured Artist only triggers on MentalState.RecoverFromState(), which therefore means it can only trigger from mental states that induce mental breaks. Catatonic Breakdown and Run Wild do not inflict mental breaks; the former just adds a coma hediff, and the latter just removes the pawn's faction and turns them into a wildman indefinitely.
In addition to the theoretical understanding shown above, I also tested this. First, I modified the XML so the inspiration-granting effect would trigger 100% of the time. I then locked 25 non-downed colonists (max skills, capable of Artistic work, Tortured Artist trait, either Depressive or Volatile trait, and no other traits) in 1x1 overhead mountain rooms, with an apocriton and an archonexus core placed close by to rapidly ensure they all reached extreme mental break risk. Mood maluses were removed as needed to also induce major and minor mental breaks in later stages of testing. I observed the effects of recovering these pawns from each type of mood-induced mental break, and found that indeed only those two mental breaks did not grant an inspiration.